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Austral snipe
The austral snipes (''Coenocorypha'') also known as the New Zealand snipes or tutukiwi,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/wading-birds/page-6 )〕 are a genus of tiny birds in the sandpiper family, which are now only found on New Zealand's outlying islands. There are currently six extinct species and three living species, with the Subantarctic snipe having three subspecies, including the Campbell Island snipe discovered as recently as 1997. The genus was once distributed from Fiji, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island, across New Zealand and southwards into New Zealand's subantarctic islands, but predation by introduced species, especially rats, has drastically reduced their range.
==Taxonomy and range==
The relationship between ''Coenocorypha'' snipe and the snipes of the genus ''Gallinago'' is uncertain. ''Coenocorypha'' is sometimes thought to be a relict taxon of an ancient lineage;〔Tennyson, A., & Martinson, P. (2006). ''Extinct Birds of New Zealand''. Te Papa Press, Wellington ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8.〕 however, insufficient research has been done to prove this. The first specimen was collected from the Auckland Islands during the voyage of HMS ''Erebus'' and HMS ''Terror'' and was described by George Gray in 1845. Ten years later he assigned the species to its own genus. With the exception of the Chatham snipe and the Forbes's snipe (described from fossils found in the Chatham Islands) all subsequent New Zealand snipe collected were assigned as subspecies to the original species, known as the New Zealand snipe. Subspecific forms have been described from the Snares, Little Barrier Island, Stewart Island, the Antipodes Islands and Campbell Island.
A morphological study and comparisons of plumage and behaviour led some authors to accept that the Snares Islands, Little Barrier Island and Stewart Island forms were all species instead of subspecies of the Auckland Island snipe, also raising the possibility that the Antipodes Island snipe might be a separate species.〔Worthy, T. H., Miskelly, C. M. & Ching, B. A. (2002). Taxonomy of North and South Island snipe (Aves : Scolopacidae : ''Coenocorypha''), with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from Greymouth, New Zealand ''New Zealand Journal of Zoology'' 29 (3): 231-244〕
In 1997 a previously unknown form of snipe was discovered on Jacquemart Island off Campbell Island.〔Barker, D., Carroll, J., Edmonds, H., Fraser, J., & Miskelly, C. (2005). Discovery of a previously unknown ''Coenocorypha'' snipe in the Campbell Island group, New Zealand subantarctic. ''Notornis'' 52 (3): 143–149; (pdf file; subscription required )〕 The Campbell snipe was described as another subspecies in the radiation of New Zealand snipes. Fossil remains of ''Coenocorypha'' have also now been discovered on the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji and Norfolk Island.〔Worthy, T. H., & Holdaway, R. N. (2002). ''The Lost World of the Moa'', Indiana University Press:Bloomington, ISBN 0-253-34034-9.〕〔Worthy T. H. (2003). A new extinct species of snipe ''Coenocorypha'' from Viti Levu, Fiji. ''Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club'' 123: 90-103.〕 Fossil evidence has also shown that the Little Barrier Island form was once widespread across North Island and the Stewart Island form across South Island; both are now extinct.
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